8/15/2023 0 Comments Pneumonia cxr findingsBronchial asthma, COPD, heart failure, cystic fibrosis.Primary pneumonia: no apparent preexisting conditions that may predispose to pneumonia.Pneumonia can be classified according to etiology, location acquired, clinical features, and the area of the lung affected by the pathology. Chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)īear in mind immune status and potential exposures when considering potential pathogens in patients with suspected pneumonia.Ĭonsider aspiration pneumonia in patients with altered mental status or other risk factors for aspiration.Specific medications (e.g., amiodarone, bleomycin ).Zoonotic exposures (e.g., birds, farm animals).Contaminated water systems (e.g., in hotels, on cruise ships).Endemic exposures (e.g., areas of high Coccidioides and Histoplasma endemicity).Crowded living conditions (e.g., prisons, homeless shelters).Alteration in consciousness (e.g., due to stroke, seizure, anesthesia, drugs, alcohol ).Cytostatic and immunosuppressive therapy.Acquired or congenital abnormalities of the airways (e.g., bronchiectasis, space-occupying lesions, cystic fibrosis ).Preexisting cardiopulmonary conditions (e.g., bronchial asthma, COPD, heart failure ).trachomatis, Mycoplasma, Respiratory syncytial virus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common causative agents of pneumonia in children. “ Track my respiration: chlassic strep formation”: C. Uncommon organisms (e.g., Nocardia, Coxiella burnetii, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa).pneumoniae (in young children and adolescents) Pneumonia in children ( 4 weeks –18 years) Streptococcus agalactiae ( Group B streptococcus).Pneumocystis jirovecii → Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Pneumonia pathogens according to affected population Influenza viruses, Parainfluenza virusesįor atypical pneumonia bacterial causes, remember the mnemonic: Atypically, Legions of Clams Mind their P's and Q's!.Mycoplasma pneumoniae (most common in the ambulatory setting).Most common cause of pneumonia in persons who inject drugs.Also the most common pathogen in nursing home residents.Pneumonia pathogens according to the source of infection Management consists of empiric antibiotic treatment and supportive measures (e.g., oxygen administration, antipyretics).įor specific information on the diagnosis and management of pneumonia in pediatric patients, see “ Pneumonia in children.” Together with the characteristic clinical features, newly developed pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray confirms the diagnosis. Chest x-ray in cases of typical pneumonia shows opacity restricted to one lobe, while x-ray in atypical pneumonia may show diffuse, often subtle infiltrates. Diagnostics include blood tests for inflammatory parameters and pathogen detection in blood, urine, or sputum samples. Some patients may present with elements of both types. Atypical pneumonia manifests with gradual onset of unproductive cough, dyspnea, and extrapulmonary manifestations. On auscultation, crackles and bronchial breath sounds are audible. Typical pneumonia manifests with sudden onset of malaise, fever, and a productive cough. Pneumonia is classified based on clinical features as either typical and atypical each type has its own spectrum of commonly associated pathogens. The most likely causal pathogens can be narrowed down based on patient age, immune status, and where the infection was acquired ( community-acquired or hospital-acquired). Pneumonia is most commonly transmitted via aspiration of airborne pathogens (primarily bacteria, but also viruses and fungi) but may also result from the aspiration of stomach contents. In industrialized nations, it is the leading infectious cause of death. Pneumonia is a respiratory infection characterized by inflammation of the alveolar space and/or the interstitial tissue of the lungs.
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